Uncoupling cytosolic calcium from membrane voltage by transient receptor potential melastatin 4 channel (TRPM4) modulation: A novel strategy to treat ventricular arrhythmias.

The current antiarrhythmic paradigm is mainly centered around modulating membrane voltage. However, abnormal cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) signaling, which plays an important role in driving membrane voltage, has not been targeted for therapeutic purposes in arrhythmogenesis. There is clear evidence for bidirectional coupling between membrane voltage and intracellular Ca2+. Cytosolic Ca2+ regulates membrane voltage through Ca2+-sensitive membrane currents. As a component of Ca2+-sensitive currents, Ca2+-activated nonspecific cationic current through the TRPM4 (transient receptor potential melastatin 4) channel plays a significant role in Ca2+-driven changes in membrane electrophysiology. In myopathic and ischemic ventricles, upregulation and/or enhanced activity of this current is associated with the generation of afterdepolarization (both early and delayed), reduction of repolarization reserve, and increased propensity to ventricular arrhythmias. In this review, we describe a novel concept for the management of ventricular arrhythmias in the remodeled ventricle based on mechanistic concepts from experimental studies, by uncoupling the Ca2+-induced changes in membrane voltage by inhibition of this TRPM4-mediated current.

Restoration of calcium release synchrony: A novel target for heart failure and ventricular arrhythmia.

Myocardial calcium (Ca2+) signaling plays a crucial role in contractile function and membrane electrophysiology. An abnormal myocardial Ca2+ transient is linked to heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias. At the subcellular level, the synchronous release of Ca2+ sparks from sarcoplasmic Ca2+ release units determines the configuration and amplitude of the global Ca2+ transient. This narrative review evaluates the role of aberrant Ca2+ release synchrony in the pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies and ventricular arrhythmias. The potential therapeutic benefits of restoration of Ca2+ release synchrony in heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias are also discussed.

Pro-arrhythmic role of adrenergic spatial densities in the human atria: An in-silico study.

Chronic stress among young patients (≤ 45 years old) could result in autonomic dysfunction. Autonomic dysfunction could be exhibited via sympathetic hyperactivity, sympathetic nerve sprouting, and diffuse adrenergic stimulation in the atria. Adrenergic spatial densities could alter atrial electrophysiology and increase arrhythmic susceptibility. Therefore, we examined the role of adrenergic spatial densities in creating arrhythmogenic substrates in silico. We simulated three 25 cm2 atrial sheets with varying adrenergic spatial densities (ASD), activation rates, and external transmembrane currents. We measured their effects on spatial and temporal heterogeneity of action potential durations (APD) at 50% and 20%. Increasing ASD shortens overall APD, and maximum spatial heterogeneity (31%) is achieved at 15% ASD. The addition of a few (5% to 10%) adrenergic elements decreases the excitation threshold, below 18 µA/cm2, while ASDs greater than 10% increase their excitation threshold up to 22 µA/cm2. Increase in ASD during rapid activation increases APD50 and APD20 by 21% and 41%, respectively. Activation times of captured beats during rapid activation could change by as much as 120 ms from the baseline cycle length. Rapidly activated atrial sheets with high ASDs significantly increase temporal heterogeneity of APD50 and APD20. Rapidly activated atrial sheets with 10% ASD have a high likelihood (0.7 ± 0.06) of fragmenting otherwise uniform wavefronts due to the transient inexcitability of adrenergically stimulated elements, producing an effective functional block. The likelihood of wave fragmentation due to ASD highly correlates with the spatial variations of APD20 (ρ = 0.90, p = 0.04). Our simulations provide a novel insight into the contributions of ASD to spatial and temporal heterogeneities of APDs, changes in excitation thresholds, and a potential explanation for wave fragmentation in the human atria due to sympathetic hyperactivity. Our work may aid in elucidating an electrophysiological link to arrhythmia initiation due to chronic stress among young patients.

Maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes in a heart-on-a-chip device enables modeling of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by R222Q-SCN5A mutation.

To better understand sodium channel (SCN5A)-related cardiomyopathies, we generated ventricular cardiomyocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from a dilated cardiomyopathy patient harbouring the R222Q mutation, which is only expressed in adult SCN5A isoforms. Because the adult SCN5A isoform was poorly expressed, without functional differences between R222Q and control in both embryoid bodies and cell sheet preparations (cultured for 29-35 days), we created heart-on-a-chip biowires which promote myocardial maturation. Indeed, biowires expressed primarily adult SCN5A with R222Q preparations displaying (arrhythmogenic) short action potentials, altered Na+ channel biophysical properties and lower contractility compared to corrected controls. Comprehensive RNA sequencing revealed differential gene regulation between R222Q and control biowires in cellular pathways related to sarcoplasmic reticulum and dystroglycan complex as well as biological processes related to calcium ion regulation and action potential. Additionally, R222Q biowires had marked reductions in actin expression accompanied by profound sarcoplasmic disarray, without differences in cell composition (fibroblast, endothelial cells, and cardiomyocytes) compared to corrected biowires. In conclusion, we demonstrate that in addition to altering cardiac electrophysiology and Na+ current, the R222Q mutation also causes profound sarcomere disruptions and mechanical destabilization. Possible mechanisms for these observations are discussed.

Utility of Substrate Mapping Using Extrasystole to Localise Comprehensive Ventricular Tachycardia Circuits: Results From Intra-operative Mapping Studies.

BACKGROUND: Substrate mapping-based identification of all ventricular tachycardia (VT) circuits (diastolic activation), including partial and complete diastolic circuits in clinical and nonclinical VT, could be beneficial in guiding VT ablation to prevent VT recurrence. The utility of extrasystole induced late potentials has not been compared with late potentials in sinus rhythm (SR) and right ventricular pacing (RVp). METHODS: Intraoperative simultaneous panoramic endocardial mapping of 21 VTs in 16 ischemic heart disease patients was performed with the use of a 112-bipole endocardial balloon. The decrement of near-field electrogram later than surface QRS during extrasystole (eLP) was studied. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 52 ± 9 years and were predominantly (75%) male. The mean sensitivity of eLP (0.75 [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-0.78]) to detect VT circuits was better than SR (0.33 [0.30-0.36]; P < 0.001) and RVp (0.36 [0.33-0.39]; P < 0.001) without significant differences in specificity, eLP (0.77 [0.74-0.81], SR (0.82 [0.80-0.84]; P = 0.23), and RVp (0.81 [0.78-0.83]; P = 0.11). Both negative (NPV) and positivie (PPV) predictive values were significantly better for eLP mapping. The mean NPV was 0.77 (95% CI 0.74-0.81), 0.57 (0.55-0.59), and 0.58 (0.55-0.61) for eLP, SR, and RVp, respectively (P < 0.0001). PPV was 0.75 (95% CI 0.72-0.78), 0.63 (0.59-0.67), and 0.63 (0.59-0.67) for eLP, SR, and RVp, respectively (P < 0.001). Overall diagnostic performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) was significantly better for eLP (0.85 [95% CI 0.80-0.90] compared with SR (0.63 [0.56-0.72]; P < 0.001) or RVp (0.61 [0.52-0.74]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Evoked late potential mapping is a better tool to detect comprehensive diastolic circuits activated during VT, compared with eLP mapping in sinus rhythm or RV pacing.

Orientation of conduction velocity vectors on cardiac mapping surfaces.

AIMS: Electroanatomical maps using automated conduction velocity (CV) algorithms are now being calculated using two-dimensional (2D) mapping tools. We studied the accuracy of mapping surface 2D CV, compared to the three-dimensional (3D) vectors, and the influence of mapping resolution in non-scarred animal and human heart models. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two models were used: a healthy porcine Langendorff model with transmural needle electrodes and a computer stimulation model of the ventricles built from an MRI-segmented, excised human heart. Local activation times (LATs) within the 3D volume of the mesh were used to calculate true 3D CVs (direction and velocity) for different pixel resolutions ranging between 500 µm and 4 mm (3D CVs). CV was also calculated for endocardial surface-only LATs (2D CV). In the experimental model, surface (2D) CV was faster on the epicardium (0.509 m/s) compared to the endocardium (0.262 m/s). In stimulation models, 2D CV significantly exceeded 3D CVs across all mapping resolutions and increased as resolution decreased. Three-dimensional and 2D left ventricle CV at 500 µm resolution increased from 429.2 ± 189.3 to 527.7 ± 253.8 mm/s (P < 0.01), respectively, with modest correlation (R = 0.64). Decreasing the resolution to 4 mm significantly increased 2D CV and weakened the correlation (R = 0.46). The majority of CV vectors were not parallel (<30°) to the mapping surface providing a potential mechanistic explanation for erroneous LAT-based CV over-estimation. CONCLUSION: Ventricular CV is overestimated when using 2D LAT-based CV calculation of the mapping surface and significantly compounded by mapping resolution. Three-dimensional electric field-based approaches are needed in mapping true CV on mapping surfaces.

Statins Protect Against Early Stages of Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity Through the Regulation of Akt Signaling and SERCA2.

Background: Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DICM) is one of the complications that can limit treatment for a significant number of cancer patients. In animal models, the administration of statins can prevent the development of DICM. Therefore, the use of statins with anthracyclines potentially could enable cancer patients to complete their chemotherapy without added cardiotoxicity. The precise mechanism mediating the cardioprotection is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to determine the molecular mechanism by which rosuvastatin confers cardioprotection in a mouse model of DICM. Methods: Rosuvastatin was intraperitoneally administered into adult male mice at 100 µg/kg daily for 7 days, followed by a single intraperitoneal doxorubicin injection at 10 mg/kg. Animals continued to receive rosuvastatin daily for an additional 14 days. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. Optical calcium mapping was performed on retrograde Langendorff perfused isolated hearts. Ventricular tissue samples were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blotting, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Exposure to doxorubicin resulted in significantly reduced fractional shortening (27.4% ± 1.11% vs 40% ± 5.8% in controls; P < 0.001) and re-expression of the fetal gene program. However, we found no evidence of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy or adverse ventricular remodeling in mice exposed to this dose of doxorubicin. In contrast, rosuvastatin-doxorubicin-treated mice maintained their cardiac function (39% ± 1.26%; P < 0.001). Mechanistically, the effect of rosuvastatin was associated with activation of Akt and phosphorylation of phospholamban with preserved sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2 (SERCA2)-mediated Ca2+ reuptake. These effects occurred independently of perturbations in ryanodine receptor 2 function. Conclusions: Rosuvastatin counteracts the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin by directly targeting sarcoplasmic calcium cycling.

Contexte: La cardiomyopathie induite par la doxorubicine (CMID) est l'une des complications pouvant limiter le traitement d'un nombre considérable de patients atteints de cancer. Dans des modèles animaux, l'administration de statines peut prévenir l'apparition d'une CMID. Ainsi, l'utilisation de statines avec les anthracyclines pourrait vraisemblablement permettre aux patients de compléter leur chimiothérapie en évitant une cardiotoxicité supplémentaire. Le mécanisme précis qui sous-tend cet effet cardioprotecteur n'est pas entièrement élucidé. Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer dans un modèle murin de CMID le mécanisme moléculaire par lequel la rosuvastatine confère une cardioprotection. Méthodologie: La rosuvastatine a été administrée par voie intrapéritonéale à des souris adultes mâles à une dose de 100 µg/kg par jour pendant sept jours, suivie d'une dose unique de doxorubicine de 10 mg/kg administrée par injection intrapéritonéale. Les animaux poursuivaient ensuite le traitement par la rosuvastatine une fois par jour pendant 14 jours supplémentaires. La fonction cardiaque a été mesurée par échocardiographie. Une cartographie optique du calcium a été réalisée sur des cœurs isolés soumis à une perfusion rétrograde selon la méthode de Langendorff. Des échantillons de tissu ventriculaire ont été analysés par microscopie en immunofluorescence, par buvardage de western et par mesure quantitative de l'amplification en chaîne par polymérase. Résultats: L'exposition à la doxorubicine a entraîné une diminution significative de la fraction de raccourcissement (27,4 % ± 1,11 % vs 40 % ± 5,8 % dans le groupe témoin; p < 0,001) et la réexpression du programme génique fœtal. Toutefois, aucune hypertrophie cardiaque inadaptée ni aucun remodelage ventriculaire indésirable n'ont été observés chez les souris ayant été exposées à la dose de doxorubicine étudiée. En revanche, la fonction cardiaque a été préservée chez les souris traitées par l'association rosuvastatine-doxorubicine (39 % ± 1,26 %; p < 0,001). Sur le plan du mode d'action, l'effet de la rosuvastatine a été associé à une activation de l'Akt et à une phosphorylation du phospholambane, avec préservation du recaptage de Ca2+ médié par la pompe SERCA2 (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ transporting 2). Ces effets sont survenus indépendamment des perturbations de la fonction du récepteur RyR2 (ryanodine receptor 2). Conclusions: La rosuvastatine neutralise les effets cardiotoxiques de la doxorubicine en ciblant directement la circulation sarcoplasmique du calcium.

Synchronizing systolic calcium release with azumolene in an experimental model.

Background: Post-defibrillation myocardial contractile dysfunction adversely affects the survival of patients after cardiac arrest. Attenuation of diastolic calcium (Ca2+) overload by stabilization of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is found to reduce refibrillation after long-duration ventricular fibrillation (LDVF). Objective: In the present study, we explored the effects of RyR2 stabilization by azumolene on systolic Ca2+ release synchrony and myocardial contractility. Methods: After completion of baseline optical mapping, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts were subjected to global ischemia followed by reperfusion with azumolene or deionized distilled water (vehicle). Following reperfusion, LDVF was induced with burst pacing. In the first series of experiments (n = 16), epicardial Ca2+ transient was analyzed for Ca2+ transient amplitude alternans and dispersion of Ca2+ transient amplitude alternans index (CAAI). In the second series of experiments following the same protocol (n = 12), ventricular contractility was assessed by measuring the left ventricular pressure. Results: Ischemic LDVF led to greater CAAI (0.06 ± 0.02 at baseline vs 0.12 ± 0.02 post-LDVF, P < .01) and magnitude of dispersion of CAAI (0.04 ± 0.01 vs 0.09 ± 0.01, P < .01) in control hearts. In azumolene-treated hearts, no significant changes in CAAI (0.05 ± 0.01 vs 0.05 ± 0.01, P = .84) and dispersion of CAAI (0.04 ± 0.01 vs 0.04 ± 0.01, P = .99) were noted following ischemic LDVF. Ischemic LDVF was associated with reduction in left ventricular developed pressure (100% vs 36.8% ± 6.1%, P = .002) and dP/dtmax (100% vs 45.3% ± 6.5%, P = .003) in control hearts, but these reductions were mitigated (left ventricular developed pressure: 100% vs 74.0% ± 8.1%, P = .052, dP/dtmax: 100% vs 80.8% ± 7.9%, P = .09) in azumolene-treated hearts. Conclusion: Treatment with azumolene is associated with improvement of systolic Ca2+ release synchrony and myocardial contractility following ischemic LDVF.

Automated Identification of Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Targets: Multicenter Validation and Workflow Characterization.

Decrement evoked potentials (EPs) (DeEPs) constitute an accepted method to identify physiological ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation targets without inducing VT. The feasibility of automated software (SW) in the detection of arrhythmogenic VT substrate has been documented. However, multicenter validation of automated SW and workflow has yet to be characterized. The objective of this study was to describe the functionality of a novel DeEP SW (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) and evaluate the independent performance of the automated algorithm using multicenter data. VT ablation cases were performed in the catheterization laboratory and retrospectively analyzed using the DeEP SW. The algorithm indicated and mapped DeEPs by first identifying capture in surface electrocardiograms (ECGs). Once capture was confirmed, the EPs of S1 paces were detected. The algorithm checked for the stability of S1 EPs by comparing the last 3 of the 8 morphologies and attributing standard deviation values. The extra-stimulus EP was then detected by comparing it to the S1 EP. Once detected, the DeEP value was computed from the extra-stimulus and displayed as a sphere on a voltage map. A total of 5,885 DeEP signals were extracted from 21 substrate mapping cases conducted at 3 different centers (in Spain, Canada, and Australia). A gold standard was established from ECGs manually marked by subject experts. Once the algorithm was deployed, 91.6% of S2 algorithm markings coincided with the gold standard, 1.9% were false-positives, and 0.1% were false-negatives. Also, 6.4% were non-specific DeEP detections. In conclusion, the automated DeEP algorithm identifies and displays DeEP points, revealing VT substrates in a multicenter validation study. The automation of identification and mapping display is expected to improve efficiency.

An In-Silico model for evaluating the directional shock vectors in terminating and modulating rotors.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) accounts for a majority of mortality worldwide. Survivability from an OHCA highly depends on timely and effective defibrillation. Most of the OHCA cases are due to ventricular fibrillation (VF), a lethal form of cardiac arrhythmia. During VF, previous studies have shown the presence of spatiotemporally organized electrical activities called rotors and that terminating these rotor-like activities could modulate or terminate VF in an in-hospital or research setting. However, such an approach is not feasible for OHCA scenarios. In the case of an OHCA, external defibrillation remains the main therapeutic option despite the low survival rates. In this study, we evaluated whether defibrillation effectiveness in an OHCA scenario could be improved if a shock vector directly targets rotor-like, spatiotemporal electrical activities on the myocardium. Specifically, we hypothesized that the position of defibrillator pads with respect to a rotor's core axis and shock current density could influence the likelihood of rotor termination and thereby result in successful defibrillation. We created a bidomain cardiac model based on porcine heart data using Aliev-Panfilov bidomain equations. We simulated localized rotors, which we attempted to terminate using different defibrillation pad orientations relative to the rotor axis (i.e., perpendicular, parallel, and oblique). In addition, we gradually increased current densities for each defibrillation pad orientation from 4 to 12 A/m2. We repeated the above defibrillation procedure for rotors originating from four different locations on the ventricles. The shock parameters and the outcomes were analyzed using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with Logistic Regression to link rotor termination with the defibrillation pad orientation and current density. Our results suggest the highest average likelihood of terminating rotors during VF is when defibrillator pads are placed perpendicular to the rotor axis (0.99 ± 0.03), with an average current density of 7.2 A/m2, compared to any other orientation (parallel: 0.76 ± 0.26 and oblique: 0.08 ± 0.12). Our simulations suggest that optimal defibrillator pad orientation, combined with sufficient current density magnitude, could improve the likelihood of rotor termination during VF and thereby improving defibrillation success in OHCA patients.

On the Electrophysiology and Mapping of Intramural Arrhythmic Focus.

BACKGROUND: Conventional mapping of focal ventricular arrhythmias relies on unipolar electrogram characteristics and early local activation times. Deep intramural foci are common and associated with high recurrence rates following catheter-based radiofrequency ablation. We assessed the accuracy of unipolar morphological patterns and mapping surface indices to predict the site and depth of ventricular arrhythmogenic focal sources. METHODS: An experimental beating-heart model used Langendorff-perfused, healthy swine hearts. A custom 56-pole electrode array catheter was positioned on the left ventricle. A plunge needle was placed perpendicular in the center of the grid to simulate arrhythmic foci at variable depths. Unipolar electrograms and local activation times were generated. Simulation models from 2 human hearts were also included with grids positioned simultaneously on the endocardium-epicardium from multiple left ventricular, septal, and outflow tract sites. RESULTS: A unipolar Q or QS complex lacks specificity for superficial arrhythmic foci, as this morphology pattern occupies a large surface area and is the predominant pattern as intramural depth increases without developing a R component. There is progressive displacement from the arrhythmic focus to the surface exit as intramural focus depth increases. A shorter total activation time over the overlying electrode array, larger surface area within initial 20 ms activation, and a dual surface breakout pattern all indicate a deep focus. CONCLUSIONS: Displacement from the focal intramural origin to the exit site on the mapping surface could lead to erroneous lesion delivery strategies. Traditional unipolar electrogram features lack specificity to predict the intramural arrhythmic source; however, novel endocardial-epicardial mapping surface indices can be used to determine the depth of arrhythmic foci.

Effects of azumolene on arrhythmia substrate in a model of recurrent long-duration ventricular fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Proarrhythmic risk of conventional anti-arrhythmic agents is linked to unintended modulation of membrane voltage dynamics. We have demonstrated that the anti-fibrillatory effect of azumolene is mediated via stabilization of the hyperphosphorylated ryanodine receptor (RyR2), leading to attenuation of diastolic calcium leak. However, the concomitant effects on membrane voltage dynamics have not been evaluated yet. METHODS: After baseline optical mapping, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts treated with azumolene, or vehicle, were subjected to global ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) followed by two episodes of long-duration ventricular fibrillation (LDVF). Simultaneous dual epicardial calcium transient (CaT) and voltage dynamics were studied optically. RESULTS: Pre-treatment with azumolene was associated with higher CaT amplitude alternans ratios (0.94 ± 0.02 vs. 0.78 ± 0.03 in control hearts, at 6 Hz; p = 0.005; and action potential amplitude alternans ratio (0.95 ± 0.02 vs. 0.78 ± 0.04 at 6.0 Hz; p = 0.02), and reduction of action potential duration (APD80) dispersion (9.0 ± 4.8 msec vs. 19.3 ± 6.6 msec at 6.0 Hz p = 0.02) and optical action potential upstroke rise time (26.3 ± 2.6 msec in control vs. 13.8 ± 0.6 msec at 6.0 Hz, p = 0.02) after LDVF. No change in action potential duration (APD) was noted with azumolene treatment. CONCLUSION: In a model of ischemic recurrent LDVF, treatment with azumolene led to reduction of cardiac alternans, i.e., calcium and voltage alternans. Unlike conventional anti-arrhythmic agents, reduction of action potential upstroke rise time and preservation of action potential duration following azumolene treatment may reduce the proarrhythmia risk.

Role of Purkinje-muscle junction in early ventricular fibrillation in a porcine model: Beyond the trigger concept.

BACKGROUND: The role of the Purkinje network in triggering ventricular fibrillation (VF) has been studied; however, its involvement after onset and in early maintenance of VF is controversial. AIM: We studied the role of the Purkinje-muscle junctions (PMJ) on epicardial-endocardial activation gradients during early VF. METHODS: In a healthy, porcine, beating-heart Langendorff model [control, n = 5; ablation, n = 5], simultaneous epicardial-endocardial dominant frequent mapping was used (224 unipolar electrograms) to calculate activation rate gradients during the onset and early phase of VF. Selective Purkinje ablation was performed using Lugol's solution, followed by VF re-induction and mapping and finally, histological evaluation. RESULTS: Epicardial activation rates were faster than endocardial rates for both onset and early VF. After PMJ ablation, activation rates decreased epicardially and endocardially for both onset and early VF [Epi: 9.7 ± 0.2 to 8.3 ± 0.2 Hz (p <.0001) and 10.9 ± 0.4 to 8.8 ± 0.3 Hz (p < .0001), respectively; Endo: 8.2 ± 0.3 Hz to 7.4 ± 0.2 Hz (p < .0001) and 7.0 ± 0.4 Hz to 6.6 ± 0.3 Hz (p = .0002), respectively]. In controls, epicardial-endocardial activation rate gradients during onset and early VF were 1.7 ± 0.3 Hz and 4.5 ± 0.4 Hz (p < .001), respectively. After endocardial ablation of PMJs, these gradients were reduced to 0.9 ± 0.3 Hz (onset VF, p < .001) and to 2.2 ± 0.3 Hz (early VF, p <.001). Endocardial-epicardial Purkinje fiber arborization and selective Purkinje fiber extinction after only endocardial ablation (not with epicardial ablation) was confirmed on histological analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Beyond the trigger paradigm, PMJs determine activation rate gradients during onset and during early maintenance of VF.

Maximizing detection and optimal characterization of local abnormal ventricular activity in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: LAVAMAX & LAVAFLOW.

BACKGROUND: Sites of local abnormal ventricular activation (LAVA) are ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation targets. In nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), minute and sparse LAVA potentials are mapped with difficulty with direction-sensitive bipolar electrograms (EGM). A method for its optimal characterization independent of electrode orientation has not been explored. OBJECTIVE: Maximize voltages and calculate overall activation direction at LAVA sites, independent of catheter and wave direction, using omnipolar technology (OT) in NICM. METHODS: Four diseased isolated human hearts from NICM patients were mapped epicardially using a high-density grid. Bipolar EGMs with at least 2 activation segments separated by at least 25 ms were identified. We used OT to maximize voltages (LAVAMAX) and measured overall wave direction (LAVAFLOW) for both segments. Clinically relevant voltage proportion (CRVP) was used to estimate the proportion of directionally corrected bipoles. Concordance and changes in direction vectors were measured via mean vector length and angular change. RESULTS: OT provides maximal LAVA voltages (OT: 0.83 ± 0.09 mV vs Bi: 0.61 ± 0.06 mV, P < .05) compared to bipolar EGMs. OT optimizes LAVA voltages, with 32% (CRVP) of LAVA bipoles directionally corrected by OT. OT direction vectors at LAVA sites demonstrate general concordance, with an average of 62% ± 5%. A total of 72% of direction vectors change by more than 35° at LAVA sites. CONCLUSION: The omnipolar mapping approach allows maximizing voltage and determining the overall direction of wavefront activity at LAVA sites in NICM.

Multi-Axes Lead With Tetrahedral Electrode Tip for Cardiac-Implantable Devices: Creative Concept for Pacing and Sensing Technology.

BACKGROUND: We developed a multi-axes lead (MaxLead) incorporating 4 electrodes arranged at the lead-tip, organized in an equidistant tetrahedron. Here, we studied MaxLead performance in sensing, pacing, and activation wavefront-direction analysis. METHODS: Sixteen explanted animal hearts (from 7 pigs, 7 sheep, and 2 rabbits) were used. Pacing threshold was tested from all axes of MaxLead from right-ventricular (RV) apex before and after simulated dislodgement. In addition, conduction-system pacing was performed in sheep heart preparations from all axes of MaxLead. Sensing via MaxLead positioned at RV apex was tested during sinus rhythm (SR), pacing from RV and left-ventricular (LV) free-wall, and ventricular fibrillation (VF). MaxLead-enabled voltage (MaxV), defined as the largest span of the sensed electric field loop, was compared with traditional lead-tip voltage detection. RESULTS: Pacing: MaxLead minimized change in pacing threshold owing to lead dislodgement (average voltage change 0.2 mV; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.5 to 0.9), using multiple bipoles available for pacing. In animals with high conduction system-pacing thresholds (> 2 mV) in 1 or more bipoles (3 of 7), acceptable thresholds (< 1 mV) were demonstrated in an average of 2.5 remaining bipoles. Sensing: MaxV of SR and VF was consistently higher than the highest bipolar voltage (voltage difference averaged -0.18 mV, 95% CI, -0.28 to -0.07), P = 0.001). Electric field-loop geometry consistently differentiated ventricular activation in SR from that during pacing from RV and LV free walls. CONCLUSIONS: The multi-axes MaxLead electrode showed advantages in pacing, sensing, and mapping and has the potential to allow for improvements in lead-electrode technology for cardiac-implanted electronic devices.

Mechanism of and strategy to mitigate liraglutide-mediated positive chronotropy.

AIM: An adverse side-effect of Liraglutide (LG), a Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP1)-analog commonly used in treatments for diabetes, is positive chronotropy. The goal of this study is to investigate on the mechanism of this drug-induced chronotropy and explore potential means to mitigate this side-effect so as to maximize the therapeutic benefits from LG. MAIN METHODS: Experiments were conducted with: 1) Isolated rabbit hearts in a Langendorff set-up to assess for direct effects of drug actions and 2) Murine cardiomyocytes isolated from the sino-atrial node (SAN) to assess the effects of LG on spontaneous action potential (AP) firing and the hyperpolarization-activated current If. KEY FINDINGS: LG induced a dose-dependent increase in heart rate. Its effects on sinus node automaticity, which were not suppressed during ß-blockade with Propranolol, were abolished by If blockade with Ivabradine. In isolated murine SAN myocytes, LG increased spontaneous AP firing frequency by an increase in diastolic depolarization slope without changing other electrophysiological parameters. SIGNIFICANCE: LG-induced positive chronotropy is partly due to a direct effect on the SAN and is independent of the adrenergic cascade and extrinsic autonomic reflex mechanisms. The direct LG-associated increase in heart rate should be mitigated with If blockers rather than ß-blockade.

High density intramural mapping of post-infarct premature ventricular contractions and ventricular tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous ventricular premature contractions (PVCs) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the acute post infarct milieu is assumed to be due to automaticity. However, the mechanism has not been studied with intramural mapping. OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of spontaneous PVCs with high density intramural mapping in a canine model, and to test the hypothesis that post-infarct PVCs and VT are due to re-entry rather than automaticity. METHODS: In 15 anesthetized dogs, using 768 intramural unipolar electrograms, simultaneous recordings were made. After 20 min of stabilization, recordings were made during the first 10 min of ischemia, and activation maps of individual beats were constructed. Acute ischemia was produced by clamping the left anterior descending coronary artery proximal to the first diagonal branch. RESULTS: In all experiments ST-T alternans was present. Spontaneous ventricular beats occurred in five of 15 dogs where the earliest ectopic activity was manifested in the endocardium, well within the ischemic zone. From there, activity spread rapidly along the subendocardium, with endo-to epicardial spread along the non-ischemic myocardium. Epicardial breakthrough always occurred at the border of the ischemic myocardium. In three dogs, delayed potentials were observed, which were earliest at the ischemic epicardium and extended transmurally with increasing delay towards the endocardium, where they culminated in a premature beat. A similar sequence was observed in VT that followed. CONCLUSION: Graded responses that occur with each sinus beat intramurally, when able to propagate from epicardium to endocardium are the mechanism of PVCs and VT in post-infarct myocardium.